1944 in Canada
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Events from the year 1944 in Canada.
Incumbents
[edit]Crown
[edit]Federal government
[edit]- Governor General – Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone[2]
- Prime Minister – William Lyon Mackenzie King
- Chief Justice – Lyman Poore Duff (British Columbia) (until 7 January) then Thibaudeau Rinfret (Quebec)
- Parliament – 19th
Provincial governments
[edit]Lieutenant governors
[edit]- Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – John C. Bowen
- Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – William Culham Woodward
- Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Roland Fairbairn McWilliams
- Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – William George Clark
- Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Henry Ernest Kendall
- Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Albert Edward Matthews
- Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Bradford William LePage
- Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Eugène Fiset
- Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Archibald Peter McNab
Premiers
[edit]- Premier of Alberta – Ernest Manning
- Premier of British Columbia – John Hart
- Premier of Manitoba – Stuart Garson
- Premier of New Brunswick – John McNair
- Premier of Nova Scotia – A.S. MacMillan
- Premier of Ontario – George A. Drew
- Premier of Prince Edward Island – J. Walter Jones
- Premier of Quebec – Adélard Godbout (until August 30) then Maurice Duplessis
- Premier of Saskatchewan – William John Patterson (until July 10) then Tommy Douglas
Territorial governments
[edit]Commissioners
[edit]Events
[edit]- Conscription Crisis of 1944
- March 20 – Henry Duncan Graham Crerar becomes chief of the Canadian Army
- June 6 – World War II: The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division lands at Juno Beach, part of the Invasion of Normandy
- June 15 – Saskatchewan election: Tommy Douglas's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation wins a landslide majority, defeating William John Patterson's Liberals
- July 10 – Tommy Douglas becomes premier of Saskatchewan, replacing William Patterson
- July 23 – World War II: The First Canadian Army is activated in Normandy, becoming the largest combat force to ever be placed under Canadian command.
- August 1 – The House of Commons approves the Family Allowance Act
- August 8 – Alberta election: Ernest Manning's Alberta Social Credit Party wins a third consecutive majority
- August 17 – World War II: The Canadian Army liberates Falaise
- August 30 – Maurice Duplessis becomes Premier of Quebec for the second time, replacing Adélard Godbout
- October 1 – World War II: The Battle of the Scheldt estuary begins
- October 13 – World War II: 1st Battalion The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada suffers significant casualties in the action known in regimental lore as Black Friday
- October 14 – World War II: The German submarine U-1223 torpedoes HMCS Magog in the St Lawrence River. Magog is damaged beyond repair and three sailors are killed.
- October 21 – World War II: Smokey Smith earns the Victoria Cross on the Savio River in Italy.
- November 25 – World War II: German submarine U-1228 sinks HMCS Shawinigan in the Cabot Strait. All 91 sailors of Shawinigan's crew are killed: the worst case of military deaths in Canadian territory during the war.
- December 24 – World War II: HMCS Clayoquot sunk off Halifax by German submarine U-806
Sports
[edit]- April 13 – Montreal Canadiens win their fifth Stanley Cup by defeating the Chicago Black Hawks 4 games to 0. The deciding Game 4 was played at the Montreal Forum
- April 22 – Ontario Hockey Association's Oshawa Generals win their second Memorial Cup by defeating the Western Kootenay Junior Hockey League's Trail Smoke Eaters 4 games to 0. The deciding Game 4 was played at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto
- November 25 – St. Hyacinthe–Donnacona Navy win their only Grey Cup by defeating the Hamilton Flying Wildcats 7 to 6 in the 32nd Grey Cup played at Civic Stadium
Births
[edit]January to June
[edit]- January 6 - John Efford, politician (d.2022)
- February 17 - Bruce Fogle, vet and author
- February 27 - André Roy, writer
- March 15 - Francis Mankiewicz, film director, screenwriter and producer (d.1993)
- March 26 - Benjamin Chee Chee, artist (d.1977)
- March 29 - Terry Jacks, singer, songwriter, record producer and environmentalist
- April 12 - Glen Cummings, politician
- May 4 - Fred Stanfield, ice hockey player (d.2021)
- May 13 - Brian Fawcett, writer (d.2022)
- May 20 - Elinor Caplan, politician and businesswoman
- May 28 - Rita MacNeil, singer-songwriter (d.2013)
- June 1 - Aileen Carroll, politician
- June 8 - Marc Ouellet, cardinal
- June 29 - Bob Kilger, politician
- June 29 - Charlie Watt, Senator
July to September
[edit]- July 5
- Norma McCormick, politician
- Robbie Robertson, singer-songwriter and guitarist
- July 30 - Mendelson Joe, singer-songwriter, guitarist and painter
- August 11 - Alexa McDonough, politician (d.2022)
- August 18 - David Newman, politician
- August 25 - Conrad Black, historian, columnist and publisher, appealing a fraud conviction in the United States
- September 1 - Harvey Thomas Strosberg, lawyer and academic
- September 3 - Brian Linehan, television host (d.2004)
- September 12 - Ron Ward, ice hockey player
- September 20 - Phil Fontaine, Aboriginal Canadian leader
- September 30
- bpNichol, poet (d.1988)
- Diane Dufresne, singer and painter
October to December
[edit]- November 17 -Lorne Michaels, television producer, writer and comedian
- December 4 - Anna McGarrigle, singer-songwriter
- December 12 - Peter Goldring, politician
- December 16 - Judy Sgro, politician
- December 16 - Mike Radcliffe, politician
- December 19 - Zal Yanovsky, rock musician (d.2002)
- December 24 - Daniel Johnson, Jr., politician and 25th Premier of Quebec
- December 24 - Dan Miller, politician and 32nd Premier of British Columbia
Full date unknown
[edit]- Jorge Zontal, artist and co-founder of the artistic collective General Idea (b.1994)
Deaths
[edit]January to June
[edit]- January 9 - John Wesley Dafoe, journalist and author (b.1866)
- February 6 - Arthur Sauvé, politician (b.1874)
- March 9 - Roy Brown, World War I flying ace (b.1893)
- March 28 - Stephen Leacock, writer and economist (b.1869)
July to December
[edit]- July 27 - Clifford William Robinson, lawyer, businessman, politician and 11th Premier of New Brunswick (b.1866)
- September 5 - Gustave Biéler, Special Operations Executive agent during World War II (b.1904)
- September 9 - John Stuart Foster, physicist (b.1890)
- September 14 - John Kenneth Macalister, World War II hero (b.1914)
- September 14 - Frank Pickersgill, World War II hero (b.1915)
- September 14 - Roméo Sabourin, World War II hero (b.1923)
- September 27 - Aimee Semple McPherson, evangelist (b.1890)
- October 1 - William Mulock, politician and Minister (b.1844)
- November 3 - Jack Miner, conservationist (b.1865)
- November 26 - Henry Cockshutt, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (b.1868)
Historical documents
[edit]D-Day maps assure success, as when Regina Rifles land knowing "nearly every foot" of Courseulles before taking it[3]
"Throughout D-day, the assault was pressed forward with considerable success" as three infantry brigades move inland[4]
Film: CBC war correspondent Matthew Halton "reminisces about the liberation of the ancient city of Caen in Normandy"[5]
"The Abortive Thrust Up the Caen–Falaise Road" by Canadians draws in German forces, aiding U.S. breakout from Normandy[6]
War artist in Normandy campaign describes evading friendly flak and enemy mines (plus V-1 attacks)[7]
Photo and painting: Amphibious vehicles carry troops across Scheldt River, Belgium, 1944[8]
Men of 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion go on 3-day hunger strike while training in England after D-Day[9]
Battle morale under "terrible strain" as fresh recruits with only 30 days' training go into combat in Netherlands[10]
In September along Adriatic coast, beauty and blood mingle in Italian countryside during battle to take Coriano Ridge[11]
News: Defence minister Ralston resigns; editorial: PM King not disclosing "the facts and the principles" in cabinet's conscription crisis[12]
In "scorching reply" to PM King, Ralston says he was fired and PM not acknowledging urgency of Army manpower crisis[13]
In Commons session arising from cabinet crisis, PM King announces that 16,000 conscripts will be transferred to Europe[14]
"We must finish with Hitler first" - Canadian effort in Pacific war is limited by demands of European campaign[15]
Map: Canadian war effort, including timeline and "Canada's War Development" inset with military and home front statistics[16]
Newsletter: Monthly digest of news about wartime production and needs in Europe and Pacific[17]
Compassionate return, leave and prisoner escort duty are advised for Canadian soldiers with long overseas service[18]
Halifax blood donation advertisement - "Hundreds Of New Blood Donors Needed To Save The Lives Of Our Fighting Men!"[19]
Film: "That They May Live" details blood collection with scenes of blood donation and processing, and serum freezing and delivery to warfront[20]
New Zealand prime minister says postwar promises must surmount those who stand still and look backward or who look forward and stand still[21]
Canadian and U.S. diplomats discuss proposals for new world organization, especially regarding clout of less than great powers[22]
Canadian ambassador says U.S.S.R. will be troublesome, but "will throw its full weight behind the forces working for peace and security"[23]
Magazine for Canadians of various ethnic origins has article titles like "Beyond Race and Nationality" and "'Foreign' Canadians in the Present War"[24]
Young woman survivor describes her cattle car transport from Hungary to arrival at Auschwitz concentration camp[25]
With their properties sold, indications are that Japanese Canadians will not be allowed back to coastal British Columbia[26]
Japanese-Canadian newspaper of Kaslo, B.C. says government intends to disperse Japanese Canadians across Canada after war[27]
Ontario Racial Discrimination Act outlaws signs and symbols (but not stated opinions) that discriminate based on race or creed[28]
Drawing: Toronto streetcar passengers read that Soviets have ended German siege of Leningrad[29]
Garden club president explains lure of suburbs (like his one, Port Credit (Mississauga), Ont.) to gardeners[30]
Fired as army commander, but not yet defence minister, Gen. A.G.L. McNaughton visits his Saskatchewan boyhood home[31]
"We are in another world" - Canadian war artist describes layers of cloud as seen from aircraft[32]
References
[edit]- ^ "King George VI | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- ^ Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-134-26490-2.
- ^ Historical Officer, Canadian Military Headquarters, "Operation 'Overlord' and its Sequel: Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 6 Jun – 31 Jul 44 (Preliminary Report)" (Report No. 131, February 12, 1945), para. 44, pg. 10. Accessed 20 July 2020
- ^ Historical Officer, Canadian Military Headquarters, "Operation 'Overlord' and its Sequel: Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 6 Jun – 31 Jul 44 (Preliminary Report)" (Report No. 131, February 12, 1945), para. 50, pg. 11. Accessed 20 July 2020
- ^ "Matthew Halton recalls capturing Caen" (1956), Second World War, War and Conflict, CBC Archives. Accessed 21 January 2021
- ^ Historical Officer, Canadian Military Headquarters, "Operation 'Overlord' and its Sequel: Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 6 Jun – 31 Jul 44 (Preliminary Report)" (Report No. 131, February 12, 1945), pgs. 26-8. Accessed 20 July 2020
- ^ Letter of Eric Aldwinckle (July 15, 1944). Accessed 20 July 2020 http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/case-study/creative-dialogue-across-ocean-eric-aldwinckles-letters-harry-somers?page=7 (scroll down to 15 July)
- ^ "Buffalo amphibious vehicles carrying troops across the Scheldt River to Hooftplaat" Library and Archives Canada. Orville Norman Fisher, "Sheldt Crossing" Canadian War Museum. Accessed 6 October 2024
- ^ Historical Section (G.S.), Army Headquarters, "The 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion in the Low Countries and in Germany" (Report No. 17, October 27, 1947), para. 9, pg. 4. Accessed 21 July 2020
- ^ Historical Section, Canadian Military Headquarters, "Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944;(...)The Clearing of the Scheldt Estuary" (Report No. 188, April 7, 1948), para. 198, pgs. 131-2. Accessed 20 July 2020
- ^ R.G. Sawdon, "Scenic Illusion" Another River to Cross. Accessed 20 July 2020
- ^ F.C. Mears, "Further Cabinet Breach Said Healed for Present;[...]Ministers in Line; But Several Reported to Disagree With King on Draftees" (pgs. 1, 18), and "The People Should Be Told" (pg. 8), The (Montreal) Gazette, Vol. CLXXIII, No. 264 (November 3, 1944). Accessed 22 July 2020
- ^ "Ralston Demands Conscription Now to Meet Losses;(...)Reveals King Asked Resignation When Action Demanded" The (Montreal) Gazette, Vol. CLXXIII, No. 272 (November 13, 1944), pgs. 1, 20. Accessed 22 July 2020
- ^ "Canadian Forces; Tabling of Order in Council Respecting Extension of Service of N.R.M.A. Personnel" (November 23, 1944), House of Commons Debates, 19th Parliament, 5th Session: Vol. 6, pgs. 6515-16. Accessed 22 July 2020
- ^ "Canada And The Pacific War" Winnipeg Tribune (June 3, 1944). Accessed 21 July 2020
- ^ Stanley Turner, "Canada at War" (1944), David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. Accessed 12 December 2021
- ^ Industrial Information Section, Wartime Information Board, "Wallnews; Dec. 1944" University of British Columbia Library. Accessed 17 April 2022
- ^ Historical Officer, Canadian Military Headquarters, "Return and Leave to Canada for Personnel of the Canadian Army Overseas" (Report No. 124, October 12, 1944). Accessed 21 July 2020
- ^ Canadian Red Cross Society, "January 30 to February 5; Blood Donors Registration Week" The Halifax Chronicle (February 2, 1944), pg. 11. Accessed 20 July 2020
- ^ Associated Screen Studios (for Canadian Red Cross Society), "That They May Live" (1944). Accessed 14 July 2021
- ^ "Address of the Right Honourable Peter Fraser(...)to Members of the Senate and of the House of Commons" (June 30, 1944), Official Report of Debates House of Commons[...]Volume V, 1944, pg. 4424. Accessed 4 July 2021
- ^ United States Department of State, "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Chief of the Division of Eastern European Affairs (Bohlen)" (November 5, 1944), Interest of the United States in the Reaction of Non-Participating Governments to the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals, Foreign Relations of the United States; Diplomatic Papers, 1944, pgs. 933-6. Accessed 22 July 2020
- ^ Letter of Ambassador L.D. Wilgress to Prime Minister Mackenzie King (November 9, 1944). Accessed 20 July 2020
- ^ Canadians All; The Canadian Magazine Vol. II, No. 3-4 (Autumn 1944). (See also argument for commonalities of Canadian cultural groups in Canadians All) Accessed 17 May 2022
- ^ Eva Olsson (formerly Ester Malek), "Veteran Stories: Eva Olsson" The Memory Project. Accessed 22 July 2020
- ^ "British Columbia; Little Hope for Japanese Return to Coastal Areas" Granada Pioneer, Vol. II, No. 36 (Amache, Colorado, March 8, 1944), pg. 5. Accessed 15 February 2020
- ^ "Regulatory Supervision" Granada Pioneer, Vol. II, No. 94 (Amache, Colo., September 30, 1944), pg. 2. Accessed 22 July 2020
- ^ Ontario, "An Act to Prevent the Publication of Discriminatory Matter Referring to Race or Creed" (March 14, 1944). Accessed 22 July 2020
- ^ Paraskeva Clark, "In a Toronto Streetcar" (1944; location unknown), Art Canada Institute. Accessed 18 May 2022
- ^ J.H.L. Morgan, "Foreword," Clover Leaf Horticultural Society;[...]First Annual Show;[...]August 26, 1944 (unpaginated). Accessed 7 July 2020 https://www.archeion.ca/1944-yearbook (click on image)
- ^ Ken Liddell, "Boyhood Days Recalled By General" Regina Leader-Post (May 16, 1944), pg. 14. Accessed 22 July 2020
- ^ Letter of Eric Aldwinckle (March 17, 1944). Accessed 22 July 2020 http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/aldwinckle-eric-letter-17-march-1944-3 http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/aldwinckle-eric-letter-17-march-1944-4 http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/aldwinckle-eric-letter-17-march-1944-5 http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/aldwinckle-eric-letter-17-march-1944-6 http://pw20c.mcmaster.ca/pw20c/aldwinckle-eric-letter-17-march-1944-7 (note: this site has also labelled another letter (dated March 17, 1943) as 17 March 1944)
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