Oxford spelling

Oxford spelling (also Oxford English Dictionary spelling, Oxford style, or Oxford English spelling) is a spelling standard, named after its use by the Oxford University Press, that prescribes the use of British spelling in combination with the suffix -ize in words like realize and organization instead of -ise endings.

Oxford spelling is used by many UK-based academic journals (for example, Nature) and many international organizations (for example, the United Nations and its agencies).^[1]^[2]^[3] It is common for academic, formal, and technical writing for an international readership. In digital documents, Oxford spelling may be indicated by the IETF language tag en-GB-oxendict (or historically by en-GB-oed).^[4]

Defining feature

Oxford spelling uses the suffix ‑ize alongside ‑lyse: organization, privatize and recognizable, rather than organisation, privatise and recognisable – alongside analyse, paralyse etc. The Oxford University Press states that the belief that ‑ize is an exclusively North American variant is incorrect.^[5] The Oxford spelling affects about 200 verbs,^[6] and is favoured on etymological grounds, in that ‑ize corresponds more closely to the Greek root, ‑izo, of most ‑ize verbs.^[7]

The suffix ‑ize has been in use in the UK since the 15th century,^[5] and is the spelling variation used in North American English. The OED lists the ‑ise form of words separately, as "a frequent spelling of ‑IZE ...":

This practice probably began first in French; in modern French the suffix has become ‑iser, alike in words from Greek, as baptiser, évangéliser, organiser, and those formed after them from Latin, as civiliser, cicatriser, humaniser.
Hence, some have used the spelling ‑ise in English, as in French, for all these words, and some prefer ‑ise in words formed in French or English from Latin elements, retaining ‑ize for those formed from Greek elements.
However, the suffix itself, whatever the element to which it is added, is in its origin the Greek ‑ιζειν, Latin ‑izāre; and, as the pronunciation is also with z, there is no reason why in English the special French spelling should be followed, in opposition to that which is at once etymological and phonetic. In this Dictionary the termination is uniformly written ‑ize. (In the Greek ‑ιζ‑, the i was short, so originally in Latin, but the double consonant z (= dz, ts) made the syllable long; when the z became a simple consonant, /‑idz/ became īz, whence English /‑aɪz/.)

The Oxford use of ‑ize does not extend to the spelling of words not traced to the Greek ‑izo, ‑izein suffixes. One group of such words is those ending in ‑lyse, such as analyse, paralyse and catalyse, which come from the Greek verb λύω, lyo, the perfective (aorist) stem of which is ‑lys-: for these, ‑lyse is the more etymological spelling. Others include advertise, arise, compromise, chastise, disguise, improvise, prise (in the sense of open), and televise.^{[additional citation(s) needed]}^[8]

In addition to the OUP's "Oxford"-branded dictionaries, other British dictionary publishers that list ‑ize suffixes first include Cassell, Collins, and Longman.^[9]

Usage

Oxford spelling is used by the Oxford University Press (OUP) for British publications,^[10] including its Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and its influential British style guide Hart's Rules, and by other publishers who are "etymology conscious", according to Merriam-Webster.^[11]

Oxford spelling (especially the first form listed in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, Twelfth Edition) is the official or de facto spelling standard used in style guides of the international organizations that belong to the United Nations System.^[2] This includes the World Health Organization, the International Telecommunication Union, the International Labour Organization, the World Food Programme, the International Court of Justice, and UNESCO, and all UN treaties and declarations, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.^[12]

Other international organizations that adhere to this standard include the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Interpol, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Amnesty International (AI), the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).^[12]^[13]

Oxford spelling is used in a number of academic publications, including the London-based scientific journal Nature and all other UK-based "Nature"-branded journals, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and the Journal of Physiology. It is used by The Times Literary Supplement, Encyclopædia Britannica and Cambridge University Press.^[12] Newspapers and magazines in the UK normally use -ise. The style guide of The Times recommended -ize until 1992, when it switched to -ise.^[8] The newspaper's chief revise editor, Richard Dixon, wrote of the change:^[8]

In the great -ize versus -ise debate, The Times has opted latterly for simplicity over a sort of erudition ... But in the Style Guide of 1992, the following entry appeared: "-ise, -isation: avoid the z construction in almost all cases. This is volcanic ground, with common usage straining the crust of classical etymology. This guidance is a revision of the Greek zeta root ending in the direction of a Latin ending and common usage: apologise, organise, emphasise, televise, circumcise. The only truly awkward result is capsize, which should be left in its Grecian peace."

In both the King James Bible and the works of Shakespeare, -ize endings are used throughout.^{[additional citation(s) needed]} Well-known literary works that use Oxford spelling include The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien (an Oxford University professor), And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie (married to an All Souls archaeologist), and The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis (a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford).

Oxford spelling is not necessarily followed by the staff of the University of Oxford. The university's style guide, last updated in 2016, recommended the use of -ise for internal use.^[14]

Language tag comparison

The following table summarizes a few general spelling differences among five major English spelling conventions, plus the French spelling convention for comparison. Note: en-GB simply stands for British English; it is not specified whether -ize or -ise should be used. The language tag en-GB-oxendict, however, demands the use of -ize and -ization.

Comparison of English spelling of selected words
British en-GB	Oxford en-GB-oxendict	Australian en-AU	Canadian^[15] en-CA	American en-US	cf. French fr-FR
organisation	organization	organisation	organization	organization	organisation
realise	realize	realise	realize	realize	réaliser
ageing	ageing	aging, ageing	aging	aging	vieillissement
analyse	analyse	analyse	analyze	analyze	analyser
behaviour	behaviour	behaviour^[a]	behaviour	behavior	comportement^[b]
catalogue	catalogue	catalogue	catalogue	catalogue, catalog	catalogue
centre	centre	centre	centre	center	centre
defence	defence	defence	defence	defense	défense (noun) défendre (verb)
licence (noun) license (verb)	licence (noun) license (verb)	licence (noun) license (verb)	licence (noun) license (verb)	license	licence (noun) autoriser, licencier (verb)
programme program (computer code)	programme program (computer code)	program	program, programme	program	programme
traveller	traveller	traveller	traveller	traveler	travailleur (worker) voyageur (traveller)

Notes

^ Labor Party and Victor Harbor are exceptions to the typical spelling in Australian English, having had their names established before convergence on the British -our spelling convention.
^ "Behaviour" is ultimately of Germanic origin in English, with the -iour spelling apparently being a hyperforeignism, likely the obsolete form haviour being interpreted as cognate with French avoir.

References

^ Cantrill, Stuart (25 April 2013). "50 Things You Might Not Know About Nature Chemistry". The Sceptical Chymist. Retrieved 5 May 2016. [W]e use Oxford English spelling. So, for all of you wondering why we put 'z's in lots of words that you don't think we should, hopefully that answers your question.
^ ^a ^b "United Nations Editorial Manual: Spelling". Department for General Assembly and Conference Management. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023.
^ Three further examples:
1. Style Manual (2nd Revised ed.). UNESCO. 2004.
2. Hindle, W. H. (1984). Theron, Johan; Malania, Leo (eds.). A Guide to Writing for the United Nations (2nd ed.). UN Department of Conference Services.
3. "Words ending in -ize, -ise and -yse". WHO Style Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004. pp. 77–78. Where there is a choice between using the suffix -ize or -ise (e.g. organize or organise), -ize, derived from the Greek ‑izo, is preferred, consistent with the first spelling of such words given in The concise Oxford dictionary [sic].
All use British -our spellings with Oxford -ize/-ization, except in proper names that have Organisation.
^ IANA language subtag registry, IANA, with "en-GB-oed" added 9 July 2003 marked as grandfathered, and deprecated effective 17 April 2015, with "en-GB-oxendict" preferred (accessed 8 August 2015).
^ ^a ^b "‑ize or ‑ise?". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
"Are spellings like 'privatize' and 'organize' Americanisms?". AskOxford. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 April 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
^ Upward, Christopher; Davidson, George (2011). "The suffix ‑IZE/‑ISE"". The History of English Spelling. John Wiley & Sons. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4443-4297-0 – via Google Books.
^ Ritter, Robert M. (2005). New Hart's Rules. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Questions Answered". The Times. 13 January 2004. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
^ McArthur, Tom, ed. (2005). Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-280637-6. The ‑ize and ‑ise group
^ "05 House Style". Oxford University Press Academic. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
^ "ize". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage. Merriam-Webster. 1994. p. 568. ISBN 978-0-87779-132-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Which Spelling Standard in English? 'Oxford Spelling'". Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
^ NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions – Page 12 (direct download)
^ University of Oxford Style Guide (PDF). University of Oxford. 2016.
^ The Canadian Oxford Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-173521-9.

Bibliography

The Oxford English Dictionary (1st ed.)
The Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed. (20 vols.)
The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press (latest edition: on WWW)