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Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples

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Vittorio Emanuele
Prince of Naples
Duke of Savoy (disputed)
Vittorio Emanuele in 2013
Head of the House of Savoy
(disputed)
Period18 March 1983 – 3 February 2024
PredecessorKing Umberto II
SuccessorPrince Emanuele Filiberto
Born(1937-02-12)12 February 1937
Naples, Kingdom of Italy
Died3 February 2024(2024-02-03) (aged 86)
Geneva Cantonal Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
Burial1 July 2024
Basilica of Superga, Turin, Italy
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1971)​
IssueEmanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice
Names
Italian: Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria di Savoia
HouseSavoy
FatherUmberto II of Italy
MotherMarie-José of Belgium

Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Naples[1] (Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria di Savoia;[2][3] 12 February 1937 – 3 February 2024), was the only son of Umberto II, the last King of Italy, and Marie-José of Belgium. Vittorio Emanuele also used the title Duke of Savoy and claimed the headship of the House of Savoy. These claims were disputed by supporters of his third cousin, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, and later by Amedeo's son, Aimone.

Vittorio Emanuele lived for most of his life in exile, following the 1946 Italian constitutional referendum, which affirmed the abolition of the monarchy and the creation of the Italian Republic. On several occasions, he was the centre of controversy in Italy and abroad due to a series of incidents, including remarks that were seen by some as antisemitic. He was revealed to be a member of Propaganda Due (P2), the state within a state responsible for high-level corruption and political manipulation.[4] In France, he was tried on a murder charge, of which he was cleared of unlawful killing but convicted of a firearms offence. Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in 2006 on charges of criminal association, racketeering, conspiracy, corruption, and exploitation of prostitution.[5] He was acquitted of all charges in 2007 and 2010.[6][7]

Early life and family

[edit]

Vittorio Emanuele was born 12 February 1937 in Naples to Umberto, Prince of Piedmont, who would later become the last King of Italy as Umberto II, and Princess Marie-José of Belgium.[2][3] The Italian royal family was exiled from Italy when he was nine years old. He lived in Switzerland from the time he was exiled until his death.[8] Vittorio Emanuele had three sisters, an older sister Princess Maria Pia and two younger sisters, Princess Maria Gabriella and Princess Maria Beatrice. Princess Maria Pia married Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia in 1955, the son of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark. In 2003, she remarried Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, son of Prince René of Bourbon-Parma and Princess Margaret of Denmark and the younger brother of Queen Anne of Romania. Vittorio Emanuele was also a first cousin of the late King Baudouin of Belgium, former King Albert II of Belgium, the late Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg, Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse, and Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria.

After an eleven-year relationship, Vittorio Emanuele married Swiss biscuit heiress and world-ranked water skier Marina Doria in Tehran, Iran, on 7 October 1971.[2] Their wedding was announced at the occasion of the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire.[9] Coincidentally, Vittorio Emanuele and his wife Marina share a birthday (12 February) but Vittorio Emanuele is two years younger than Marina (she was born in 1935).[10]

Vittorio Emanuele worked as a banker and an aircraft salesman, and then an arms dealer.[11]

Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, has a son, Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice, born on 22 June 1972. Emanuele Filiberto married Clotilde Courau in 2003, and together they have two daughters.

Duke of Savoy

[edit]

On 7 July 2006, Vittorio Emanuele's kinsman and dynastic rival, Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta declared himself to be the head of the House of Savoy and Duke of Savoy, claiming that Vittorio Emanuele had lost his dynastic rights when he married without the permission of Umberto II in 1971. Amedeo received the support of the President of the Council of Senators of the Kingdom Aldo Alessandro Mola and Vittorio Emanuele's sister, Maria Gabriella.[12]

Vittorio Emanuele and his son applied for a judicial injunction to forbid Amedeo from using the title "Duke of Savoy". In February 2010, the court of Arezzo[13] ruled that the Duke of Aosta and his son must pay damages totalling €50,000 to their cousins and cease using the surname Savoy instead of Savoy-Aosta.[14] However, the verdict was overturned on appeal, with the court of second resort allowing Amedeo the use of the short surname, in the form of di Savoia, and additionally revoking the financial penalty originally imposed on him.[15]

Exile from and return to Italy

[edit]

Reasons for exile

[edit]
Vittorio Emanuele and Amadeo (Aimone's father) together

In line with certain other countries that were formerly monarchies (such as France or Romania), the Italian Constitution required all male members of the House of Savoy to leave Italy and barred them from ever returning to Italian soil again. This was enacted as a "temporary disposition" enacted when the constitution was promulgated in 1948. The constitution also forbade any amendment that would change the republican form of government, effectively foreclosing any effort to restore the monarchy short of adopting a new constitution.[16]

Requests for return

[edit]

Vittorio Emanuele lobbied the Parliament of Italy over the years in which the law prohibiting his return was in force, to be allowed to return to his homeland after 56 years in exile. In 1999, he filed a case at the European Court of Human Rights, in which the Prince charged that his lengthy exile violated his human rights. In September 2001, the court decided to hold a hearing on the case at a date to be fixed later.[17]

Before his return to his homeland, he renounced any claim to Italy's crown jewels, which were stored in a deposit box at the Bank of Italy. He publicly stated that the crown jewels "are no longer ours", referring to the House of Savoy. At the time, he hoped that the crown jewels would be publicly displayed. However, the royal family asked for the jewels back in 2021 and sued the Italian government and the Bank of Italy in 2022 when they were not returned.[18][19]

In February 2002, Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto wrote a signed letter, published through a law firm, in which they formally expressed their loyalty to the Constitution of Italy.[20]

Return to Italy

[edit]
Investiture of a knight (2009)

On 23 October 2002, the provision in the constitution that barred male members of the former royal house from returning to Italy was repealed. As part of a deal with the government, Vittorio Emanuele signed an agreement renouncing all claims to the defunct throne and recognizing the Republic as the only lawful government of Italy. Vittorio Emanuele was permitted to re-enter the country on 10 November 2002. On 23 December 2002, he made his first trip home in over half a century. On the one-day visit he, his wife, and his son had a 20-minute audience with Pope John Paul II at the Vatican.[21]

Upon their first visit in 2003 to Naples, where Vittorio Emanuele was born, and from where his family sailed into exile in 1946, the reception of the Savoys was mixed; most people were indifferent to them, some hostile, a few supportive. The media reported that many in Naples were not happy to see the return of the family, when hundreds of noisy demonstrators chanted negative slogans as they progressed through the city.[11] Demonstrations were staged by two traditionally opposing factions: anti-monarchists on one hand, and supporters of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the royal house deposed when Italy was united in 1861 under the House of Savoy.[22]

Death

[edit]

Vittorio Emanuele died in Geneva Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland on 3 February 2024, aged 86.[23][24] A statement from the Royal House of Savoy gave the time of his death as 07:05 (CET).[25]

His funeral was held on 10 February 2024 in the Turin Cathedral and, afterwards, he was cremated.[26] Attendees at his funeral included his widow Marina, Princess of Naples, his son Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice, his daughter-in-law Princess Clotilde, Princess of Venice, his granddaughter Princess Vittoria, Princess of Carignano, his sister Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma, his nephew Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia, Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, and Princess Olga, Duchess of Aosta, Prince Jean of Luxembourg, the Prince of Monaco, Queen Sofía of Spain, Leka, Prince of Albania, Boris, Prince of Turnovo, Fuad II of Egypt, Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark, Afonso, Prince of Beira, Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, John T. Dunlap, and Daniel McVicar.[27] The ashes were subsequently buried in the Royal Crypt of the Basilica di Superga.[28]

Controversies

[edit]

Unilateral declaration of kingship (1969)

[edit]

Vittorio Emanuele unilaterally declared himself King of Italy on 15 December 1969.[29][30] He argued that by agreeing to submit to a referendum on his place as head of state, his father had thereby abdicated. Vittorio Emanuele took this action after his father allegedly called for Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta to visit him in Portugal to name him his heir.[31] Under his self-assumed powers as King of Italy, Vittorio Emanuele conferred the title of Duchess of Sant'Anna di Valdieri on his then-fiancée, Marina Doria.[32]

Dirk Hamer's death (1978–2015)

[edit]

On the night of 17 August or the morning of 18 August 1978, on the island of Cavallo (which lies off the south coast of Corsica), Vittorio Emanuele discovered his yacht's rubber dinghy had been taken and attached to another nearby yacht. Arming himself with a rifle, he attempted to board the vessel. He shot at a passenger he had awakened; the shot missed the passenger but mortally wounded Dirk Hamer (the 19-year-old son of Ryke Geerd Hamer), a passenger sleeping on the deck of another adjacent yacht. The prince admitted civil liability for the death in a letter dated 28 August 1978.[33] Vittorio Emanuele was arrested and Dirk Hamer later died of his wounds on 7 December 1978 before he could provide any evidence.[34]

On 11 October 1989, Vittorio Emanuele was indicted on charges of inflicting lethal injury and possession of a dangerous weapon. However, on 18 November 1991, after thirteen years of legal proceedings, the Paris Assize Court acquitted him of the fatal wounding and unintentional homicide charges, finding him guilty only of unauthorised possession of an M1 carbine.[33] He received a six-month suspended prison sentence.[35]

When incarcerated in June 2006, on unconnected charges of corruption (see below, Arrest and imprisonment), Vittorio Emanuele was recorded admitting that "I was in the wrong, [...] but I must say I fooled them [the French judges]",[36] leading to a call from Dirk Hamer's sister Birgit for Vittorio Emanuele to be retried in Italy for killing her brother.[37]

Birgit Hamer undertook a long legal fight to obtain the full video. She stated: "What for us is a confession is a boast for him: he laughs about the fact that he killed a boy."[38] The story of the video was broken by aristocratic journalist Beatrice Borromeo,[39] who also wrote the preface for a book on the murder, Delitto senza castigo by Birgit Hamer. Vittorio Emanuele sued the newspaper for defamation, claiming the video had been manipulated. In 2015, a court judgement ruled in favour of the newspaper.[40] On Twitter Borromeo posted: "Vincere una causa è sempre piacevole, ma contro Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia la goduria è doppia!" ("Winning a case is always nice, but against Victor Emmanuel of Savoy the pleasure is double"),[41] which resulted in a spat on Twitter with his son Emanuele Filiberto.[42]

Allegations of antisemitism (2003)

[edit]

Vittorio Emanuele also said in 2003 that the antisemitic laws passed under Mussolini's regime were "not that terrible".[43] In response, the president of the Union of Italian Jewish Communities, Amos Luzzatto, stated that "I'm not saying it was he who signed the racial laws in 1938. But, as a Savoy heir, Victor Emmanuel has never distanced himself from them," in an interview with Il Corriere della Sera newspaper.[44]

On 27 January 2005, in a letter published by Il Corriere della Sera, Vittorio Emanuele issued an apology to Italy's Jewish population, asking forgiveness from the Italian Jewish community, and declaring that it was an error for the Italian Royal Family to have signed the racial laws of 1938.[45]

Arrest and imprisonment (2006)

[edit]

On 16 June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in Varenna and imprisoned in Potenza on charges of corruption and recruitment of prostitutes for clients of the Casinò di Campione of Campione d'Italia.[46][47][48]

The enquiry was conducted by Italian magistrate John Woodcock, of British ancestry, famous for other VIPs' arrests.[49][50][51]

Woodcock described Emanuele as the "undisputed leader" of an influence-trafficking network associated with Sicilian organized crime.[52]

After several days, Vittorio Emanuele was released and placed under house arrest. He was released from house arrest on 20 July 2006, but had to stay within the borders of Italy. Vittorio Emanuele was acquitted of all charges in the years 2007 and 2010.[6]

La Repubblica reported in 2006 that Emanuele Filiberto had distanced himself from his father.[53]

Seeking compensation from Italy (2007)

[edit]

In 2007, Vittorio Emanuele and his son, Emanuele Filiberto, requested formally that the state pay financial damages of €260 million, and initiate full restitution of all properties and belongings that had been confiscated from the royal house after the abolition of the monarchy. The financial damages claim is based on having suffered moral injustice during the exile. The Italian government has rejected the request and, in response, indicated that it may seek damages for historic grievances.[54]

Succession

[edit]

In June 2023, his son Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice, announced his intention to renounce his claim to the throne in favour of his daughter, Princess Vittoria of Savoy, when he feels she is ready to succeed. Until he formally does so, he remains as his father's heir.[55]

Honours

[edit]
Styles of
Prince Vittorio Emanuele
Reference styleHis Royal Highness
Spoken styleYour Royal Highness

National dynastic honours

[edit]

Vittorio Emanuele was the Sovereign of the Dynastic Orders of the House of Savoy which consist of:[56]

National honours

[edit]

Foreign honours

[edit]

Ancestry

[edit]

Patrilineal descent

[edit]
Male Ancestors of Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples

Vittorio Emanuele's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations, which means that Vittorio Emanuele is a member of the House of Savoy.

House of Savoy
  1. Umberto I, Count of Savoy, c. 980–about 1047/1048
  2. Otto I, Count of Savoy, about 1010/1020–c. 1057
  3. Amadeus II, Count of Savoy, c. 1050–1080
  4. Umberto II, Count of Savoy, 1065–1103
  5. Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, 1095–1148
  6. Umberto III, Count of Savoy, 1135–1189
  7. Thomas I, Count of Savoy, 1178–1233
  8. Thomas, Count of Savoy, Lord of Piedmont, 1199–1259
  9. Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, 1253–1323
  10. Aymon, Count of Savoy, 1291–1343
  11. Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, 1334–1383
  12. Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy, 1360–1391
  13. Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, 1383–1451
  14. Louis, Duke of Savoy, 1413–1465
  15. Philip II, Duke of Savoy, 1438–1497
  16. Charles III, Duke of Savoy, 1486–1553
  17. Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, 1528–1580
  18. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, 1562–1630
  19. Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano, 1596–1656
  20. Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano, 1628–1709
  21. Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano, 1690–1741
  22. Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano, 1721–1778
  23. Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano, 1743–1780
  24. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano, 1770–1800
  25. Charles Albert of Sardinia, 1798–1849
  26. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, 1820–1878
  27. Umberto I of Italy, 1844–1900
  28. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, 1869–1947
  29. Umberto II of Italy, 1904–1983
  30. Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, 1937–2024
[edit]
  • Prince Vittorio Emanuele with his father, King Umberto II and his grandfather King Vittorio Emanuele III
    Prince Vittorio Emanuele with his father, King Umberto II and his grandfather King Vittorio Emanuele III
  • Prince Vittorio Emanuele with his father, King Umberto II
    Prince Vittorio Emanuele with his father, King Umberto II
  • Vittorio Emanuele in 1964
    Vittorio Emanuele in 1964
  • Vittorio Emanuele as Grandmaster of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
    Vittorio Emanuele as Grandmaster of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
  • Vittorio Emanuele and Marina Doria, Cape Canaveral, 16 July 1969 (Apollo 11)
    Vittorio Emanuele and Marina Doria, Cape Canaveral, 16 July 1969 (Apollo 11)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Titles associated with the former Italian royal family have not been legally recognised by the Italian government since Temporary Provision XIV was incorporated in the Constitution of Italy in 1946.
  2. ^ a b c Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIV. "Haus Italien". C.A. Starke Verlag, 1997, pp. 33, 38–39. ISBN 3-7980-0814-0.
  3. ^ a b Willis, Daniel, The Descendants of Louis XIII, Clearfield Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1999, p. 673. ISBN 0-8063-4942-5.
  4. ^ Hooper, John (23 June 2006). "The fall of the house of Savoy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  5. ^ Popham, Peter (17 June 2006). "Son of Italy's last king held over Mafia and prostitution claims". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2008. The son of Italy's last king, Prince Victor Emmanuel, has been arrested in the north Italian town of Lecco as part of an investigation into charges he was involved with the Sicilian Mafia and a prostitution racket.
  6. ^ a b Savoiagate, Vittorio Emanuele assolto Archived 29 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Affaritaliani.it. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  7. ^ "Videopoker, assolto Vittorio Emanuele" Archived 29 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Corriere della Sera. 22 September 2010.
  8. ^ Zampano, Giada Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of Italy's last king, dies aged 86, The Washington Post via the AP
  9. ^ Guido Tonella (22 June 1972) È nato a Ginevra l'erede dei Savoia (in Italian). Il Tempo.
  10. ^ Zamet, Isaac (14 February 2024). "The widow in black: who is Marina Ricolfi-Doria, wife of the late Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy?". Tatler. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  11. ^ a b Popham, Peter (22 June 2006). "The prince and the prostitutes". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2008. Selling helicopters to his high and mighty friends was one of the prince's successful projects, from which he went on to become an arms dealer.
  12. ^ Cope, Rebecca (3 June 2021). "Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, who was punched by his cousin over their claim to Italian throne, has died". Tatler. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  13. ^ Meylan, Vincent (21 May 2008). "Duc d'Aoste ou Duc de Savoie?". Point de Vue: 79.
  14. ^ Squires, Nick (18 February 2010). "Italian aristocrat cousins fight over defunct throne". The Telegraph. Rome. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  15. ^ Amedeo d'Aosta: ho vinto io la guerra del cognome con Vittorio Emanuele. La Nazione (in Italian). Published January 19, 2018.
  16. ^ John Hooper (23 June 2006). "The fall of the house of Savoy". The Guardian. Vittorio Emanuele was just nine years old when his family - who, under King Vittorio Emanuele III, had aligned themselves with Mussolini and his Fascists - left for exile in Portugal. His father, King Umberto II, is known to Italians as the May King because he ruled only from May 9 to June 12 1946, when Italy became a republic. The new constitution, which came into effect in 1948, imposed a ban on the return to Italy of the male members of the Savoy family that was to remain in force for 54 years.
  17. ^ Victor Emmanuel de Savoie v. Italy, 656 to hold a hearing on the merits of the admissible complaints on a date to be fixed subsequently (European Court of Human Rights 21 September 2001).
  18. ^ Giuffrida, Angela Descendants of Italy's last king attempt to reclaim crown jewels, The Guardian
  19. ^ Legorano, Giovanni The Surprising Mystery of Italy's Crown Jewels Is Who Gets to Keep Them, The Wall Street Journal
  20. ^ "Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia: "Fedeltà alla Costituzione"". La Repubblica (in Italian). 2 February 2002. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  21. ^ Willan, Philip (24 December 2002). "Exiled Italian royals go home". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  22. ^ Johnston, Bruce (8 January 2008). "Italy's exiled royal family shunned as they return". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 November 2004. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
  23. ^ "È morto Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia". Corriere Della Sera. 3 February 2024. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  24. ^ "Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of Italy's last king, dies aged 86". Reuters. 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  25. ^ "THE ROYAL HOUSE OF SAVOY ANNOUNCES THE FOLLOWING". Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  26. ^ "In Turin the funeral of Vittorio Emanuele, the coffin accompanied by the Sardinian anthem". L'Unione Sarda. 10 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  27. ^ Zamet, Isaac (12 February 2024). "At the Duomo in the rain: Bystander looks on at the funeral of Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of the last King of Italy". Tatler. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  28. ^ Gadeschi, Elena Fausta (7 February 2024). "Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia, funerali a Torino e sepoltura a Superga". Elle (in Italian).
  29. ^ Royal Decree No. 1. realcasadisavoia.it
  30. ^ Pro Veritate analysis n.1 by Prof. Edoardo Adami. realcasadisavoia.it
  31. ^ Gigi Speroni, Umberto II, Milan, Riscoli Libri
  32. ^ Pro Veritate analysis n.2 by Prof. Edoardo Adami. realcasadisavoia.it
  33. ^ a b "HAMER v. FRANCE – 19953/92 [1996] ECHR 30 (7 August 1996)". Worldlii.org. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  34. ^ Beaufort, Georgia As the death of Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy is announced, revisit Tatler's interview with Beatrice Casiraghi about her personal connection to him, and her shocking scoop that rocked European high society, Tatler
  35. ^ Summary of trial proceedings concerned the killing of Dirk Hamer. sim.law.uu.nl
  36. ^ "Vittorio Emanuele, cimici in cella "Ho fregato i giudici francesi" - cronaca - Repubblica.it". www.repubblica.it. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  37. ^ Prince's braggadocio spurs call for justice. galleonpoint.com. 12 September 2006
  38. ^ Follain, John (27 February 2011). "Prince admits killing on video". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
  39. ^ "Il video che incastra Savoia". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  40. ^ Beaufort, Georgia (5 February 2024). "As the death of Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy is announced, revisit Tatler's interview with Beatrice Casiraghi about her personal connection to him, and her shocking scoop that rocked European high society". Tatler. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  41. ^ "Beatrice Borromeo on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  42. ^ Cope, Rebecca (10 June 2020). "The Prince of Venice is running for political office in Italy". Tatler. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  43. ^ "Italy's Jews wait for royal apology" (The Observer (UK), 18 May 2003). "It was a rocky start for what was intended as a romantic trip down memory lane for Italy's exiled royal family, the Savoys, who returned to Rome last week to meet government officials, only to be greeted by angry Italian Jews still waiting for an apology for the royals' antisemitic leanings during the Second World War. Some five years ago, Victor Emmanuel made headlines when he said in an interview that the race laws were 'not so bad'".
  44. ^ Tom Gross (18 June 2003). "An Englishman in Auschwitz and other Holocaust articles". Archived from the original on 21 November 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2006.
  45. ^ "Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism And Racism". antisemitism.tau.ac.il. 2005. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007.
  46. ^ Arrest and jail Archived 18 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Corriere.it. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  47. ^ Arrested Italy prince goes from palace to jail. MSNBC (17 June 2006). Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  48. ^ The Prince and the prostitutes. Findarticles.com. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  49. ^ VIP arrests by Woodstock Archived 18 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Corriere.it. June 2006.
  50. ^ «Mandami su il pacco con la ragazza» – La Stampa Archived 1 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Lastampa.it (17 June 2006). Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  51. ^ Vittorio Emanuele, cimici in cella "Ho fregato i giudici francesi" – cronaca Archived 4 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Repubblica.it (9 September 2006). Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  52. ^ Hooper, John (23 June 2006). "The fall of the house of Savoy". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  53. ^ Emanuele Filiberto si dissocia dal padre "Non condivido tutto quello che ha fatto" – cronaca Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Repubblica.it. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  54. ^ Stewart, Phil (21 November 2007). "Fallen savoy royals seek damages over Italy exile". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  55. ^ Leake, Natasha (7 June 2023). "Italian prince will renounce his position at head of the family and pass the title directly to his teenage daughter". Tatler. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  56. ^ "The Dynastic Orders – Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa di Savoia". Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  57. ^ "Document about Vittorio Emmanuelle's sovereignty". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015.
  58. ^ "Vittorio Emmanuel wearing the Badge as a Medal". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  59. ^ "Document about Vittorio Emmanuelle's sovereignty". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015.
  60. ^ "document about Vittorio Emmanuelle's sovereignty". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  61. ^ "Layout 1" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  62. ^ a b Royal Website, document about Vittorio Emmanuelle's sovereignty of the Military and civil orders Archived 3 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ^ "wearing the star of the civil order at the bottom". Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  64. ^ "Vittorio Emmanuel confers the order". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  65. ^ "History". savoyfoundation-usa.org. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  66. ^ "The Constantinian Order's Relationship with the Savoy Dynasty of Italy – Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George". 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  67. ^ Nomination by Sovereign Ordonnance n° 15702 of 1 March 2003 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (French)
  68. ^ Badraie Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Badraie. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Hamer, Birgit (2011). Borromeo, Beatrice (ed.). Delitto senza castigo: la vera storia di Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia [Crime without Punishment: the True Story of Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia] (in Italian). Reggio Emilia: Aliberti. ISBN 978-88-7424-735-6.
[edit]
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Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples
Born: 12 February 1937 Died: 3 February 2024
Italian royalty
Preceded by Head of the House of Savoy
18 March 1983 – 3 February 2024 		Succeeded by
Titles in pretence
Preceded by — TITULAR —
King of Italy
18 March 1983 – 3 February 2024
Reason for succession failure:
Monarchy abolished in 1946 		Succeeded by
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