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Henry Eyring (chemist)

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Henry Eyring
Henry Eyring in 1951
Born(1901-02-20)February 20, 1901
Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
DiedDecember 26, 1981(1981-12-26) (aged 80)
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Arizona
University of California, Berkeley
Known forTransition state theory
Spouse(s)Mildred Bennion; Winifred Brennan
Children3, including Henry B. Eyring
AwardsWolf Prize in Chemistry (1980)
Priestley Medal (1975)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1969)
Irving Langmuir Award (1968)
National Medal of Science (1966)
Peter Debye Award (1964)
William H. Nichols Medal (1951)
Newcomb Cleveland Prize (1932)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsPrinceton University
University of Utah
Doctoral studentsKeith J. Laidler
J O Hirschfelder
Walter Kauzmann
John Calvin Giddings
Other notable studentsJohn L. Magee

Henry Eyring (February 20, 1901 – December 26, 1981) was a Mexico-born United States theoretical chemist whose primary contribution was in the study of chemical reaction rates and intermediates. Eyring developed the Absolute Rate Theory or Transition state theory of chemical reactions, connecting the fields of chemistry and physics through atomic theory, quantum theory, and statistical mechanics.[1]

History

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Eyring, a third-generation member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), was reared on a cattle ranch in Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, a Mormon colony, for the first 11 years of his life. His father, Edward Christian Eyring, practiced plural marriage; Edward married Caroline Romney (1893) and her sister Emma Romney (1903), both daughters of Miles Park Romney, the great-grandfather of Mitt Romney.[2]

In July 1912, the Eyrings and about 4,200 other immigrants were driven out of Mexico by violent insurgents during the Mexican Revolution and moved to El Paso, Texas. After living in El Paso for approximately one year, the Eyrings relocated to Pima, Arizona, where he completed high school and showed a special aptitude for mathematics and science.[3] He also studied at Gila Academy in Thatcher, Arizona, now Eastern Arizona College.[4] One of the pillars at the front of the main building still bears his name, along with that of his sister Camilla's husband, Spencer W. Kimball, later president of the LDS Church.[5]

Eyring earned a BS in mining engineering at the University of Arizona by working in a copper mine. He then received a fellowship from the US Bureau of Mines fellowship and earned his M.Sc. in metallurgy. Having seen the high rates of accidents in the mines, and breathed sulfur fumes from blast furnaces at a smelter, he chose to do his Ph.D. in chemistry. He pursued and received his doctoral degree in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1927[3] for a thesis on A Comparison of the Ionization by, and Stopping Power for, Alpha Particles of Elements and Compounds.[6]

Princeton University recruited Eyring as an instructor in 1931. He would continue his work at Princeton until 1946. In 1946 he was offered a position as dean of the graduate school at the University of Utah, with professorships in chemistry and metallurgy.[3] The chemistry building on the University of Utah campus is now named in his honor.[7]

A prolific writer, Eyring authored more than 600 scientific articles, ten scientific books, and a few books on the subject of science and religion. He received the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1980 and the National Medal of Science in 1966 for developing the Absolute Rate Theory or Transition state theory of chemical reactions, one of the most important developments of 20th-century chemistry.[1]

Several other chemists later received the Nobel Prize for work based on the Absolute Rate Theory, and his failure to receive the Nobel was a matter of surprise to many.[8] The Nobel Prize organization admitted that "Strangely, Eyring never received a Nobel Prize"; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences apparently did not understand Eyring's theory until it was too late to award him the Nobel. The academy awarded him the Berzelius Medal in 1977 as partial compensation.[9] Sterling M. McMurrin believed Eyring should have received the Nobel Prize but was not awarded it because of his religion.[10]

Eyring was elected president of the American Chemical Society in 1963 and the Association for the Advancement of Science in 1965.[11]

Personal life

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Eyring married Mildred Bennion. She was a native of Granger, Utah, who had a degree from the University of Utah and served as head of the physical education department there. She met Eyring while pursuing a doctorate at the University of Wisconsin.[12] They had three sons together. The oldest, Edward M. "Ted" Eyring was an emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of Utah. The second son, Henry B. Eyring is a general authority of the LDS Church, while the youngest son Harden B. Eyring is a higher education administrator for the State of Utah. His wife, Mildred, died June 25, 1969, in Salt Lake City, Utah. On August 13, 1971, he married Winifred Brennan in the LDS Church's Salt Lake Temple.

Eyring was a member of the LDS Church throughout his life. His views of science and religion were captured in this quote: "Is there any conflict between science and religion? There is no conflict in the mind of God, but often there is conflict in the minds of men."[13] Eyring also feared overeager defenders of faith would discard new scientific findings because of apparent contradictions. He encouraged parents and teachers to distinguish between "what they know to be true and what they think may be true," to avoid clumping them together and "throwing the baby out with the bath."[14]: 245–247 

As a member of the LDS Church, Eyring served as a branch president, district president, and, for over twenty years, a member of the general board of the Deseret Sunday School Union. As of 2024, his son, Henry B. Eyring, is an apostle and member of the church's First Presidency.

Awards

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Scientific publications: books

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Henry Eyring authored, co-authored, or edited the following books or journals:

  • A generalized theory of plasticity involving the virial theorem
  • The activated complex in chemisorption and catalysis
  • An examination into the origin, possible synthesis, and physical properties of diamonds
  • Annual Review of Physical Chemistry[19]
  • Basic chemical kinetics
  • Deformation Kinetics with Alexander Stephen Krausz
  • Electrochemistry
  • Kinetic evidence of phase structure
  • Modern Chemical Kinetics
  • Non-classical reaction kinetics
  • Physical Chemistry, an Advanced Treatise (1970)
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Reactions in condensed phases
  • The significance of isotopic reactions in rate theory
  • Significant Liquid Structures
  • Some aspects of catalytic hydrogenation
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Statistical Mechanics and Dynamics
  • Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives. Volume 2
  • The Theory of Rate Processes in Biology and Medicine with Frank H. Johnson and Betsy Jones Stover
  • Theory of Optical Activity (Monographs on Chemistry series) with D.J. Caldwell
  • Time and Change
  • Valency

Religious publications: books

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  • Reflections of a Scientist (1983)[13]
  • The Faith of a Scientist. Bookcraft, Inc. (1967); 1989 edition. ISBN 160641125X.
  • Science and Your Faith in God: A Selected Compilation of Writings and Talks by Prominent Latter-Day Saints Scientists on the Subjects of Science and Religion. Bookcraft, Inc. (1958); compiled by Paul R. Green and featuring the writings of Henry Eyring and others LCCN 59-902 ISBN 058841011X

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Hettema, Hinne (2012). "The Unity of Chemistry and Physics: Absolute Reaction Rate Theory". Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry. 18 (2): 145–173. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  2. ^ "Emma Romney Archives - Las Colonias - The Mormon Colonies in Mexico". Las Colonias - The Mormon Colonies in Mexico. January 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  3. ^ a b c Hirschfelder, J O (1983). "Henry Eyring, 1901-1982". Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 34: xi–xvi. Bibcode:1983ARPC...34D..11H. doi:10.1146/annurev.pc.34.100183.005033.
  4. ^ Kauzmann, Walter (1996). "Henry Eyring 1901—1981". Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (PDF). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 1–25.
  5. ^ Fox, Ronald (9 May 2011). "President Spencer W. Kimball was a small man with a great appetite for work". Deseret News. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  6. ^ Reprint and Circular Series of the National Research Council. National Research Council. 1926.
  7. ^ "The Henry Eyring Chemistry Building | College of Science". University of Utah. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  8. ^ G.B. Kauffman; The Nobel Centennial 1901—2001; Chem. Educator 2001, 6, 370—384
  9. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 Jun 2010.
  10. ^ "Matters of Conscience: Conversations With Sterling M. McMurrin on Philosophy, Education, and Religion" by Sterling M. McMurrin & L. Jackson Newell, Signature Books, 1996
  11. ^ Peterson, Daniel (7 November 2013). "Henry Eyring exemplified both science and faith". Deseret News. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  12. ^ Gerald N. Lund, "Elder Henry B. Eyring: Molded by Defining Influences", Ensign, September 1995.
  13. ^ a b Eyring, Harden Romney; Eyring, Henry (1983). Reflections of a scientist. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co. p. 2. ISBN 0-87747-944-5.
  14. ^ Eyring, Henry J. (2007). Mormon Scientist: The Life and Faith of Henry Eyring. Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book. ISBN 9781590388549.
  15. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  16. ^ "Henry Eyring". National Academy of Sciences Member Directory. National Academy of Sciences.
  17. ^ "American Philosophical Society Member History". American Philosophical Society.
  18. ^ "American Academy of Arts & Sciences Member Directory". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 9 February 2023.
  19. ^ "Preface". Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 27 (1): annurev.pc.27.042506.100001. 1976. doi:10.1146/annurev.pc.27.042506.100001. ISSN 0066-426X.
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