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Consciousness raising

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Consciousness raising (also called awareness raising) is a form of activism popularized by United States feminists in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of a wider group on some cause or condition. Common issues include diseases (e.g. breast cancer, AIDS), conflicts (e.g. the Darfur genocide, global warming), movements (e.g. Greenpeace, PETA, Earth Hour) and political parties or politicians. Since informing the populace of a public concern is often regarded as the first step to changing how the institutions handle it, raising awareness is often the first activity in which any advocacy group engages.

However, in practice, raising awareness is often combined with other activities, such as fundraising, membership drives or advocacy, in order to harness and/or sustain the motivation of new supporters which may be at its highest just after they have learned and digested the new information.

The term awareness raising is used in the Yogyakarta Principles against discriminatory attitudes[1] and LGBT stereotypes as well as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices toward people with disabilities.[2]

Terminology

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Until the early-17th century, English speakers used the word "consciousness" in the sense of "moral knowledge of right or wrong"—a concept today referred to as "conscience".[3]

Issues and methods

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In feminism

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Consciousness raising groups were formed by New York Radical Women, an early Women's Liberation group in New York City, and quickly spread throughout the United States. In November 1967, a group including Shulamith Firestone, Anne Koedt, Kathie Sarachild (originally Kathie Amatniek), and Carol Hanisch began meeting in Koedt's apartment. Meetings often involved "going around the room and talking" about issues in their own lives. The phrase "consciousness raising" was coined to describe the process when Kathie Sarachild took up the phrase from Anne Forer:

In the Old Left, they used to say that the workers don't know they're oppressed, so we have to raise their consciousness. One night at a meeting I said, 'Would everybody please give me an example from their own life on how they experienced oppression as a woman? I need to hear it to raise my own consciousness.' Kathie was sitting behind me and the words rang in her mind. From then on she sort of made it an institution and called it consciousness-raising.

— Anne Forer[4]

On Thanksgiving 1968, Kathie Sarachild presented A Program for Feminist Consciousness Raising, at the First National Women's Liberation Conference near Chicago, Illinois, in which she explained the principles behind consciousness-raising and outlined a program for the process that the New York groups had developed over the past year. Groups founded by former members of New York Radical Women—in particular Redstockings, founded out of the breakup of the NYRW in 1969, and New York Radical Feminists—promoted consciousness raising and distributed mimeographed sheets of suggesting topics for consciousness raising group meetings. New York Radical Feminists organized neighborhood-based c.r. groups in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, involving as many as four hundred women in c.r. groups at its peak.[5] Over the next few years, small-group consciousness raising spread rapidly in cities and suburbs throughout the United States. By 1971, the Chicago Women's Liberation Union, which had already organized several consciousness raising groups in Chicago, described small consciousness raising groups as "the backbone of the Women's Liberation Movement".[6] Susan Brownmiller, a member of the West Village[a] would later write that small-group consciousness raising "was the movement's most successful form of female bonding, and the source of most of its creative thinking. Some of the small groups stayed together for more than a decade".[7]

"In 1973, probably the height of CR, 100,000 women in the United States belonged to CR groups."[8]

Early mid-century feminists argued that women were isolated from each other, and as a result many problems in women's lives were misunderstood as "personal," or as the results of conflicts between the personalities of individual men and women, rather than systematic forms of oppression. Raising consciousness meant helping oneself and helping others to become politically conscious. Consciousness raising groups aimed to get a better understanding of women's oppression by bringing women together to discuss and analyze their lives, without interference from the presence of men.[9]

While explaining the theory behind consciousness raising in a 1973 talk, Kathie Sarachild remarked that "From the beginning of consciousness-raising ... there has been no one method of raising consciousness. What really counts in consciousness-raising are not methods, but results. The only 'methods' of consciousness raising are essentially principles. They are the basic radical political principles of going to the original sources, both historic and personal, going to people—women themselves, and going to experience for theory and strategy".[10] However, most consciousness raising groups did follow a similar pattern for meeting and discussion. Meetings would usually be held about once a week, with a small group of women, often in the living room of one of the members. Meetings were women-only, and usually involved going around the room for each woman to talk about a predetermined subject—for example, "When you think about having a child, would you rather have a boy or a girl?"[citation needed]—speaking from her own experience, with no formal leader for the discussion and few rules for directing or limiting discussion. (Some c.r. groups did implement rules designed to give every woman a chance to speak, to prevent interruptions, etc.) Speaking from personal experience was used as a basis for further discussion and analysis based on the first-hand knowledge that was shared.[citation needed]

Some feminist advocates of consciousness raising argued that the process allowed women to analyze the conditions of their own lives, and to discover ways in which what had seemed like isolated, individual problems (such as needing an abortion, surviving rape, conflicts between husbands and wives over housework, etc.) actually reflected common conditions faced by all women.[citation needed] As Sarachild wrote in 1969, "We assume that our feelings are telling us something from which we can learn... that our feelings mean something worth analyzing... that our feelings are saying something political, something reflecting fear that something bad will happen to us or hope, desire, knowledge that something good will happen to us. ... In our groups, let's share our feelings and pool them. Let's let ourselves go and see where our feelings lead us. Our feelings will lead us to ideas and then to actions".[11]

Ellen Willis wrote in 1984 that consciousness raising has often been "misunderstood and disparaged as a form of therapy", but that it was, in fact, in its time and context, "the primary method of understanding women's condition" and constituted "the movement's most successful organizing tool." At the same time, she saw the lack of theory and emphasis on personal experience as concealing "prior political and philosophical assumptions".[12]

However, some in the feminist movement criticised consciousness raising groups as "trivial" and apolitical.[13]

Through poetry

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Historically, poetry has been used as a consciousness-raising tactic by consciousness-raising groups.[14] Activist and writer Audre Lorde was noted to have been one of many scholars who wrote of poetry as a means of communication for women of color activist and resistance groups.[15] This focus has also been studied by other feminist scholars as a new approach to women's literary writing experience,[16] and the usage of critical consciousness through the creation of art as a liberatory praxis.[17] Art as a liberatory praxis has also been explored through a radical queer lens through a number of publications and journals such as Sinister Wisdom[18] and Conditions,[19] online publications with an emphasis on lesbian writing.

For LGBT rights

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In the 1960s, consciousness-raising caught on with gay liberation activists,[20] who formed the first "coming-out groups" which helped participants come out of the closet among welcoming, tolerant individuals and share personal stories about coming out. The idea of coming out as a tool of consciousness-raising had been preceded by even earlier opinions from German theorists such as Magnus Hirschfeld, Iwan Bloch and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, all of whom saw self-disclosure as a means of self-emancipation, the raising of consciousness among fellow un-closeted individuals and a means of raising awareness in the wider society.[citation needed]

In atheism

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In The God Delusion, anti-religion activist Richard Dawkins uses the term "consciousness raising" for several other things, explicitly describing these as analogous to the feminist case.[21] These include replacing references to children as Catholic, Muslim, etc. with references to children of the adults who are members of these religions (which he compares to our using non-sexist terminology) and Darwin as "raising our consciousness" in biology to the possibility of explaining complexity naturalistically and, in principle, raising our consciousness to the possibility of doing such things elsewhere (especially in physics).[21] Earlier in the book, he uses the term (without explicitly referring to feminism) to refer to making people aware that leaving their parents' faith is an option.[21]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ A consciousness raising group organized by the New York Radical Feminists.

References

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  1. ^ The Yogyakarta Principles, Article 2, 9, 15
  2. ^ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 8 "Awareness raising"
  3. ^ Koch, Christof (2004). The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach. Englewood, Colorado: Roberts and Company. p. 1. ISBN 9780974707709. Retrieved 3 Mar 2019. The word consciousness derives from the Latin conscientia, composed of cum (with or together) and scire (to know). Until the early 17th century, consciousness was used in the sense of moral knowledge of right or wrong, what is today referred to as conscience.
  4. ^ Susan Brownmiller. In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution. p. 21. (quoted by Susan Brownmiller)
  5. ^ Brownmiller, p. 78
  6. ^ "How to start your own consciousness-raising group". Cwluherstory.com. The Chicago Women's Liberation Institution. 1971. Archived from the original (Leaflet) on 12 February 2004. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  7. ^ Brownmiller, p. 79
  8. ^ Eller, Cynthia, Living in the Lap of the Goddess, op. cit., p. 43 & n. 8 (p. 43 n. 8 citing Shreve, Anita, Women Together, Women Alone, op. cit., pp. 5–6 & 9–14).
  9. ^ Crook, Sarah (2018-03-16). "The women's liberation movement, activism and therapy at the grassroots, 1968–1985". Women's History Review. 27 (7): 1152–1168. doi:10.1080/09612025.2018.1450611. ISSN 0961-2025. PMC 6195332. PMID 30381789.
  10. ^ Feminist Revolution, p. 147–148
  11. ^ Feminist Revolution, Appendix, p. 202.
  12. ^ Willis, p. 121.
  13. ^ Eller, Cynthia, Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1995 (ISBN 0-8070-6507-2)), p. 188 & n. 3 (author, with doctorate in religion from Univ. of Southern Calif., taught at Yale Divinity School & Fairleigh Dickinson Univ.) (p. 188 n. 3 citing Shreve, Anita, Women Together, Women Alone: The Legacy of the Consciousness-Raising Movement (N.Y.: Fawcett Columbine, 1989), pp. 10–11).
  14. ^ Vernon), Reed, T. V. (Thomas (2005). The art of protest : culture and activism from the civil rights movement to the streets of Seattle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816637706. OCLC 59138260.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Audre., Lorde (2007). Sister outsider : essays and speeches. Crossing Press. ISBN 9780307809049. OCLC 773898749.
  16. ^ Castelao-Gómez, Isabel (February 2016). "Looking back at Feminism and Poetry: An interview with Jan Montefiore". European Journal of Women's Studies. 23 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1177/1350506815607838. ISSN 1350-5068. S2CID 148814316.
  17. ^ Yu, Nilan (2018), "Consciousness-raising and critical practice", Consciousness-Raising, Routledge, pp. 1–13, doi:10.4324/9781315107851-1, ISBN 9781315107851, S2CID 150786628
  18. ^ "Journal | Sinister Wisdom". www.sinisterwisdom.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  19. ^ "Conditions: Five". Bitch Media. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  20. ^ Jeffrey Weeks. "Gay Left: An Overview by Jeffrey Weeks". Gay Left. Archived from the original (Journal) on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-02-25. We said we could 'best explore our sexual attitudes most truthfully in an all-male group', and in many ways we did indeed operate as an awareness or conscious raising group as well as an editorial collective.
  21. ^ a b c Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-618-68000-9.; "on-line" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-28. (101 KB)

Bibliography

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