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Malliavin calculus

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In probability theory and related fields, Malliavin calculus is a set of mathematical techniques and ideas that extend the mathematical field of calculus of variations from deterministic functions to stochastic processes. In particular, it allows the computation of derivatives of random variables. Malliavin calculus is also called the stochastic calculus of variations. P. Malliavin first initiated the calculus on infinite dimensional space. Then, the significant contributors such as S. Kusuoka, D. Stroock, J-M. Bismut, Shinzo Watanabe, I. Shigekawa, and so on finally completed the foundations.

Malliavin calculus is named after Paul Malliavin whose ideas led to a proof that Hörmander's condition implies the existence and smoothness of a density for the solution of a stochastic differential equation; Hörmander's original proof was based on the theory of partial differential equations. The calculus has been applied to stochastic partial differential equations as well.

The calculus allows integration by parts with random variables; this operation is used in mathematical finance to compute the sensitivities of financial derivatives. The calculus has applications in, for example, stochastic filtering.

Overview and history

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Malliavin introduced Malliavin calculus to provide a stochastic proof that Hörmander's condition implies the existence of a density for the solution of a stochastic differential equation; Hörmander's original proof was based on the theory of partial differential equations. His calculus enabled Malliavin to prove regularity bounds for the solution's density. The calculus has been applied to stochastic partial differential equations.

Gaussian probability space

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Consider a Wiener functional (a functional from the classical Wiener space) and consider the task of finding a derivative for it. The natural idea would be to use the Gateaux derivative

however this does not always exist. Therefore it does make sense to find a new differential calculus for such spaces by limiting the directions.

The toy model of Malliavin calculus is an irreducible Gaussian probability space . This is a (complete) probability space together with a closed subspace such that all are mean zero Gaussian variables and . If one chooses a basis for then one calls a numerical model. On the other hand, for any separable Hilbert space exists a canonical irreducible Gaussian probability space named the Segal model having as its Gaussian subspace. In this case for a one notates the associated random variable in as .

Properties of a Gaussian probability space that do not depend on the particular choice of basis are called intrinsic and such that do depend on the choice extrensic.[1] We denote the countably infinite product of real spaces as .

Recall the modern version of the Cameron-Martin theorem

Consider a locally convex vector space with a cylindrical Gaussian measure on it. For an element in the topological dual define the distance to the mean
which is a map , and denote the closure in as
Let denote the translation by . Then induces a reproducing kernel Hilbert space called the Cameron-Martin space such that for any there is equivalence .[2]

In fact one can use here the Feldman–Hájek theorem to find that for any other such measure would be singular.

We denote the countably infinite product of real spaces as .

Let be the canonical Gaussian measure, by transferring the Cameron-Martin theorem from into a numerical model , the additive group of will define a quasi-automorphism group on . A construction can be done as follows: choose an orthonormal basis in , let denote the translation on by , denote the map into the Cameron-Martin space by , denote

and

we get a canonical representation of the additive group acting on the endomorphisms by defining

One can show that the action of is extrinsic meaning it does not depend on the choice of basis for , further for and for the infinitesimal generator of that

where is the identity operator and denotes the multiplication operator by the random variable (acting on the endomorphisms). In the case of an arbitrary Hilbert space and the Segal model one has (and thus . Then the limit above becomes the multiplication operator by the random variable associated to .[3]

For and one now defines the directional derivative

Given a Hilbert space and a Segal model with its Gaussian space . One can now deduce for the integration by parts formula

.[4]

Invariance principle

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The usual invariance principle for Lebesgue integration over the whole real line is that, for any real number ε and integrable function f, the following holds

and hence

This can be used to derive the integration by parts formula since, setting f = gh, it implies

A similar idea can be applied in stochastic analysis for the differentiation along a Cameron-Martin-Girsanov direction. Indeed, let be a square-integrable predictable process and set

If is a Wiener process, the Girsanov theorem then yields the following analogue of the invariance principle:

Differentiating with respect to ε on both sides and evaluating at ε=0, one obtains the following integration by parts formula:

Here, the left-hand side is the Malliavin derivative of the random variable in the direction and the integral appearing on the right hand side should be interpreted as an Itô integral.

Clark–Ocone formula

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One of the most useful results from Malliavin calculus is the Clark–Ocone theorem, which allows the process in the martingale representation theorem to be identified explicitly. A simplified version of this theorem is as follows:

Consider the standard Wiener measure on the canonical space , equipped with its canonical filtration. For satisfying which is Lipschitz and such that F has a strong derivative kernel, in the sense that for in C[0,1]

then

where H is the previsible projection of F'(x, (t,1]) which may be viewed as the derivative of the function F with respect to a suitable parallel shift of the process X over the portion (t,1] of its domain.

This may be more concisely expressed by

Much of the work in the formal development of the Malliavin calculus involves extending this result to the largest possible class of functionals F by replacing the derivative kernel used above by the "Malliavin derivative" denoted in the above statement of the result. [citation needed]

Skorokhod integral

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The Skorokhod integral operator which is conventionally denoted δ is defined as the adjoint of the Malliavin derivative in the white noise case when the Hilbert space is an space, thus for u in the domain of the operator which is a subset of , for F in the domain of the Malliavin derivative, we require

where the inner product is that on viz

The existence of this adjoint follows from the Riesz representation theorem for linear operators on Hilbert spaces.

It can be shown that if u is adapted then

where the integral is to be understood in the Itô sense. Thus this provides a method of extending the Itô integral to non adapted integrands.

Applications

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The calculus allows integration by parts with random variables; this operation is used in mathematical finance to compute the sensitivities of financial derivatives. The calculus has applications for example in stochastic filtering.

References

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  1. ^ Malliavin, Paul (1997). Stochastic Analysis. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 4–15. ISBN 3-540-57024-1.
  2. ^ Bogachev, Vladimir (1998). Gaussian Measures. Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society.
  3. ^ Malliavin, Paul (1997). Stochastic Analysis. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 20–22. ISBN 3-540-57024-1.
  4. ^ Malliavin, Paul (1997). Stochastic Analysis. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. 36. ISBN 3-540-57024-1.
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