Megacorporation
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Megacorporation, mega-corporation, or megacorp, a term originally coined by Alfred Eichner in his book The Megacorp and Oligopoly: Micro Foundations of Macro Dynamics[1] but popularized by William Gibson,[2] [3] derives from the combination of the prefix mega- with the word corporation. It has become widespread in cyberpunk literature. It is synonymous with syndicate, globalist- or transnational capital. It refers to a corporation (normally fictional) that is a massive conglomerate (usually private), holding monopolistic or near-monopolistic control over multiple markets (thus exhibiting both a horizontal and a vertical monopoly). Megacorps are so powerful that they are above the government laws, possess their own heavily armed (often military-sized) private armies, are operators of privatized police forces, hold "sovereign" territory, and even act as outright governments. They often exercise a large degree of control over their employees, taking the idea of "corporate culture" to an extreme.
Examples in literature
[edit]Such organizations as a staple of science fiction long predate cyberpunk, appearing in the works of writers such as Philip K. Dick (Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, 1968), Thea von Harbou (Metropolis, 1927), Robert A. Heinlein (Citizen of the Galaxy, 1957), Robert Asprin (The Cold Cash War, 1977), and Andre Norton (the Solar Queen novels). The explicit use of the term in the Traveller science fiction roleplaying game from 1977 predates Gibson's use of it.[4] The transnationals, and later metanationals in Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars Trilogy are an example of mega corporations that exceed most countries in political influence.[5]
Examples in film
[edit]In the Alien film franchise characters are repeatedly manipulated and endangered by the unscrupulous megacorporation Weyland-Yutani, which seeks to profit from the Aliens.
In the animated Pixar film WALL-E, the megacorporation Buy n' Large has completely supplanted every planetary government.
In the Avatar series of films, the Resources Development Administration (RDA) is a megacorporation that outmatches most governments in wealth, influence, and military power. The RDA has monopolized ownership of all extraterrestrial colonies and assets, granted in perpetuity by an international committee.
Examples in games
[edit]In the sci-fi strategy game Stellaris, players can choose to control a megacorporation that has consumed all aspects of their alien government, with variable policies such as indentured servitude, media conglomerates, or even employee resurrection.[6]
In the video game The Outer Worlds, many megacorps purchase the rights to solar systems from Earth governments. Corporate colonies, being lightyears away from government influence, are effectively governed by their parent companies, with employment acting as citizenship.[citation needed]
In the Doom video game franchise, the Union Aerospace Corporation (UAC)—a multi-planetary conglomerate—is often referred to as a megacorporation.[7]
In the Ratchet & Clank franchise, each of the featured galaxies is dominated by an arms manufacturer with a near-total monopoly on commercial activity, the largest of which is simply called "Megacorp".[citation needed]
In Compilation of Final Fantasy VII, Shinra Electric Power Company is referred as a megacorporation because of its dominance of Mako energy and electricity and actively competes with the nation of Wutai by having its own military which helps with their dominance amongst the populace.[citation needed]
In Cyberpunk 2077, several megacorps (most notably Arasaka and Militech) provide security services and sell weapons. While also controlling the population through different methods in a dystopian way.[8]
In the Titanfall franchise, which contains Apex Legends, a megacorporation named Interstellar Manufacturing Corporation [IMC] dominates the entire mining and manufacturing industry across the Frontier (galaxy) based on Earth, well as maintaining private military contractors to suppress dissidents.[9]
Real-life examples
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Although the term itself arose out of science fiction,[citation needed] certain real-life corporations, such as colonial-era chartered companies and zaibatsu, have achieved or approached megacorporation status in various ways.[citation needed] The private Dutch East India Company, for example, operated 40 warships and had 10,000 private soldiers to monitor its farflung spice empire, while the British East India Company controlled a large colonial empire and maintained a 300,000 strong standing army in the mid-19th century before the company was dissolved and its territories absorbed into the British Empire. In the French colonial empire, the Hudson's Bay Company was once the world's largest landowner, exercising legal control and a trading monopoly on its territory known as Rupert's Land which consisted of 15% of the North American land mass.[citation needed]
Today many countries have competition laws (also known as antitrust laws) to prevent real-life corporations from having mega-corporation characteristics. On the other hand, some countries protect a certain industry deemed important by mandating that only a single company, usually state-owned, can operate in it. An example of the latter is Saudi Arabia, which gains the majority of its government revenues through its mega-corporation Saudi Aramco.[citation needed]
In the book The Wal-Mart Effect, Charles Fishman describes Walmart as "[in] a whole class of megacorporations of which Wal-Mart is just the most extreme, vivid example".[10]
See also
[edit]- Company town
- Corporate warfare
- Corporatocracy
- Chaebol
- Evil corporation
- Keiretsu
- Zaibatsu
- List of largest corporations
- Oligarchy
- Plutocracy
- Superpower (the more governmental version of a vast business)
References
[edit]- ^ Eichner, Alfred S., ed. (1976), "The nature of the megacorp", The Megacorp and Oligopoly: Micro Foundations of Macro Dynamics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19–54, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511895647.003, ISBN 978-0-521-06861-1, retrieved 2023-01-02
- ^ Tatsumi, Takayuki (2006). Full metal apache : transactions between cyberpunk Japan and avant-pop America. Internet Archive. Durham, NC : Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3762-1.
- ^ "Salon Books | "An engine of anarchy"". 2008-01-08. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
- ^ "Library Data (A-M) - Traveller". Traveller RPG Wiki. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
- ^ "Transnational | KimStanleyRobinson.info". www.kimstanleyrobinson.info. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ "Stellaris: MegaCorp - Paradox Interactive".
- ^ "UAC". DoomWiki.org. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ Harvey, Angie; L, Wesley; Hoolihan, Hannah (October 30, 2020). "Cyberpunk 2077 Guide – Corporations". IGN. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
- ^ Macy, Seth G. (2016-10-26). "Titanfall's Story and Lore Explained". IGN. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ Fishman, Charles (2007). The Wal-Mart Effect: How an Out-Of-Town Superstore Became a Superpower. Penguin. p. 233. ISBN 978-0141019796.