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Haman

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For other uses, see Haman (disambiguation).
Haman Begging the Mercy of Esther, by Rembrandt

Haman (Hebrew: הָמָן Hāmān; also known as Haman the Agagite) is the main antagonist in the Book of Esther, who according to the Hebrew Bible was an official in the court of the Persian empire under King Ahasuerus, commonly identified as Xerxes I (died 465 BCE) but traditionally equated with Artaxerxes I or Artaxerxes II.[1] As his epithet Agagite indicates, Haman was a descendant of Agag, the king of the Amalekites. Some commentators interpret this descent to be symbolic, due to his similar personality.[2][3]

In the narrative of the Book of Esther, Haman was a proud and ambitious man who demanded that everyone bow down to him as a sign of respect. However, a Jewish man named Mordecai refused to bow down to him, which enraged Haman. Seeking revenge, Haman convinced the king to issue a decree that all Jews in the Persian empire be killed. Haman's plot was foiled by Queen Esther, who was also Jewish and had concealed her identity from the King. Esther revealed Haman's plan to Ahasuerus and pleaded with him to spare her people. The King was outraged at Haman's treachery and ordered that he be executed instead.

Etymology and meaning of the name

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The name has been equated with the Persian name Omanes[4] (Old Persian: 𐎡𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁, Imāniš) recorded by Greek historians. Several etymologies have been proposed for it: it has been associated with the Persian word Hamayun, meaning "illustrious"[4][5] (naming dictionaries typically list it as meaning "magnificent"); with the sacred drink Haoma;[4] or with the Persian name Vohuman, meaning "good thoughts". The 19th-century Bible critic Jensen associated it with the Elamite god Humban, a view dismissed by later scholars.[6] Ahriman, a Zoroastrian spirit of destruction, has also been proposed as an etymon.[citation needed] Hoschander suggests that Haman is a priestly title and not a proper name.[7]

Haman in the Hebrew Bible

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Esther denouncing Haman by Ernest Normand

As described in the Book of Esther, Haman was the son of Hammedatha the Agagite. After Haman was appointed the principal minister of the king Ahasuerus, all of the king's servants were required to bow down to Haman, but Mordecai refused to. Angered by this, and knowing of Mordecai's Jewish nationality, Haman convinced Ahasuerus to allow him to have all of the Jews in the Persian empire killed.[8]

The plot was foiled by Queen Esther, the king's recent wife, who was herself a Jew. Esther invited Haman and the king to two banquets. In the second banquet, she informed the king that Haman was plotting to kill her (and the other Jews). This enraged the king, who was further angered when (after leaving the room briefly and returning) he discovered Haman had fallen on Esther's couch, intending to beg mercy from Esther, but which the king interpreted as a sexual advance.[9]

On the king's orders, Haman was hanged from the 50-cubit-high gallows that had originally been built by Haman himself, on the advice of his wife Zeresh, in order to hang Mordecai.[10] The bodies of Haman's 10 sons were also hanged, after they died in battle against the Jews.[11] The Jews also killed about 75,000 of their enemies in self-defense.[12]

The apparent purpose of these unusually high gallows can be understood from the geography of Shushan: Haman's house (where the pole was located) was likely in the city of Susa (a flat area), while the royal citadel and palace were located on a mound about 15 meters higher than the city. Such a tall pole would have allowed Haman to observe Mordecai's corpse while dining in the royal palace, had his plans worked as intended.[13]

Haman in other sources

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Midrash

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Main article: Haman in rabbinic literature

According to Ḥanan b. Rava, his mother was ʾĂmatlaʾy, a descendant of ʿÔrebtî (also ʿÔrǝbtāʾ she-raven), apparently patriarch of a major Nehardean house.[14][15]

TgEsth1 and TgEsth3 call him "Haman the son of Hamedatha, descended from Agag the son of Amaleq." The Targum Sheni gives Haman's lineage as follows: "Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, son of Khada,[a] son of Kuza,[b] son of Alipilot,[c] son of Dios, son of Diosos,[d] son of Peros, son of Ma'dan[e], son of Bala'qan,[f] son of Antimiros,[g] son of Hadrus,[h] son of Shegar, son of Negar,[i] son of Parmashta, son of Vaizatha, son of Agag, son of Sumqar, son of Amalek, son of a concubine of Eliphaz the son of Esau".[16][17] There are apparently several generations omitted between Agag, who was executed by Samuel the prophet in the time of King Saul, and Amalek, who lived several hundred years earlier.[citation needed] According to the Midrash Abba Gorion, Haman was also called Memucan, because he was "destined for punishment".[18]

In Rabbinic tradition, Haman is considered to be an archetype of evil and persecutor of the Jews. Having attempted to exterminate the Jews of Persia, and rendering himself thereby their worst enemy, Haman naturally became the center of many Talmudic legends. Being at one time extremely poor, he sold himself as a slave to Mordecai.[19] He was a barber at Kefar Karzum for the space of twenty-two years.[20] Haman had an idolatrous image embroidered on his garments, so that those who bowed to him at command of the king bowed also to the image.[21]

Haman was also an astrologer, and when he was about to fix the time for the genocide of the Jews he first cast lots to ascertain which was the most auspicious day of the week for that purpose.[3] Each day, however, proved to be under some influence favorable to the Jews.[3] He then sought to fix the month, but found that the same was true of each month; thus, Nisan was favorable to the Jews because of the Passover sacrifice; Iyyar, because of the small Passover.[3] But when he arrived at Adar he found that its zodiacal sign was Pisces, and he said, "Now I shall be able to swallow them as fish which swallow one another" (Esther Rabbah 7; Targum Sheni 3).[3]

Haman had 365 counselors, but the advice of none was so good as that of his wife, Zeresh.[3] She induced Haman to build a gallows for Mordecai, assuring him that this was the only way in which he would be able to prevail over his enemy, for hitherto the just had always been rescued from every other kind of death.[3] As God foresaw that Haman himself would be hanged on the gallows, he asked which tree would volunteer to serve as the instrument of death. Each tree, declaring that it was used for some holy purpose, objected to being soiled by the unclean body of Haman. Only the thorn-tree could find no excuse, and therefore offered itself for a gallows (Esther Rabbah 9; Midrash Abba Gorion 7 (ed. Buber, Wilna, 1886); in Targum Sheni this is narrated somewhat differently).

According to the Targum Sheni, he killed the prophet Daniel, who managed to live to Ahasuerus's reign (Targum Sheini on Esther, 4, 11).

Quran

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Main article: Haman (Islam)

In the Qur'an (Islam's primary scripture), Haman (Arabic: هامان, romanized: Hāmān) is a person mentioned and associated with pharaoh of the Exodus. Islam started up in 610 CE. McAuliffe's Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān among other sources relates "Haman" to be the Arabized form of "Ha-Amana" in Egyptian.[22][23] Muhammad Asad contended that Haman is Ha-Amen as shortcut of the first few letters of title of High Priest of Amun hm.ntr in his book "The Message of The Qur'an".[24] However, some scholars disagree with the theory of the Quranic Haman being an Egyptian title, instead of a name and the biblical figure himself.[25][26]

Haman appears six times throughout the Qur'an[27] four times with Pharaoh and twice by himself,[28] where God sent Moses to invite Pharaoh, Haman, and their people to monotheism, and to seek protection of the Israelites whom Haman and Pharaoh were tormenting. Referring to Moses as a sorcerer and a liar, the Pharaoh rejected Moses' call to worship the God of Moses and refused to free the Israelite children. The Pharaoh commissioned Haman to build a tall tower using burnt bricks so that the Pharaoh could ascend and see the God of Moses. The Pharaoh, Haman, and their army in chariots pursuing Israel's fleeing children drowned in the Red Sea as the parted water closed on them. The Pharaoh's submission to God at the moment of death and total destruction was rejected, but his corpse was saved as a lesson for posterity and he was mummified.[29]

Haman Begging the Mercy of Esther, by Pieter Lastman

Josephus

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Josephus mentions Haman in his Antiquities of the Jews. Josephus's account of the story draws from the Septuagint translation of the Book of Esther and from other Greek and Jewish sources, some no longer extant.

Septuagint

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The Greek version of the Book of Esther, known as the Septuagint, portrays Haman in a distinct manner:[30]

1. Haman is referred to as a "Macedonian" and described as "an alien" to Persia.[31] This characterization presents him as an outsider and not a true Persian.

2. Haman is accused of plotting to transfer the sovereignty of Persia to the Macedonians, while the Jews are called "loyal Persians" by the king.[32] This portrays Haman as disloyal and conspiring against Persia.

3. In various passages, Haman is referred to as an "Agagite" (Amalekite),[33] "Gogite" (from the cursed city of Gog), "Ebugaios" (an unexplained term),[34] and "Bugaean".[35] These labels serve to further mark Haman as a foreigner and enemy.

4. The text suggests that Haman represents the Biblical Amalekites, the epitome of evil that God commands to be destroyed.[36] Haman thus symbolizes the evil that the Jews must struggle against in every generation until the final eschatological triumph of God's kingdom.[37]

Vulgate

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Crucifixion of Haman by Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel

As in the Septuagint, Haman's execution is ambiguous, suggestive of both hanging and crucifixion. The fifty-cubit object, described as xylon in the Septuagint (Ancient Greek: ξύλον, romanized: xulon, lit. 'wood'), is similarly ambiguously referred to as "wood" (Latin: lignum). The Vulgate translation of Esther 7:10 furthermore refers to a patibulum, used elsewhere to describe the cross-piece in crucifixion, when describing the fate of Haman: suspensus est itaque Aman in patibulo quod paraverat Mardocheo, 'therefore was Haman suspended on the patibulum he prepared for Mordechai'.[38] In the corner of the Sistine Chapel ceiling is a depiction in fresco of the execution of Haman by Michelangelo; Haman is shown crucified in a manner similar to typical Catholic depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus, though the legs are parted and the apparatus resembles a natural tree shorter than fifty cubits high.

English translations

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Translations of the Book of Esther's description of Haman's execution have variously treated the subject. Wycliffe's Bible referred both to a tre (tree) and a iebat (gibbet), while Coverdale's preferred galowe (gallows). The Geneva Bible used tree but the King James Version established gallows and hang as the most common rendering; the Douay–Rheims Bible later used gibbet.[38] Young's Literal Translation used tree and hang. The New International Version, Common English Bible, and New Living Translation all use impale for Hebrew: ויתלו and pole for Hebrew: העץ.[39][40]

As a god

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Jacob Hoschander has argued that the name of Haman and that of his father Hamedatha are mentioned by Strabo as Omanus and Anadatus, worshipped with Anahita in the city of Zela. Hoschander suggests that Haman may, if the connection is correct, be a priestly title and not a proper name.[7] Strabo's names are unattested in Persian texts as gods; however the Talmud[41] and Josephus[42] interpret the description of courtiers bowing to Haman in Esther 3:2 as worship (other scholars assume "Omanus" refers to Vohu Mana).[43][44][45]

Purim traditions

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Main article: Purim

The Jewish holiday of Purim commemorates the story of the Jews' deliverance and Haman's defeat. On that day, the Book of Esther is publicly read and much noise and tumult is raised at every mention of Haman's name. Various noisemakers (graggers) are used to express disdain for Haman by "blotting out" his name during the recitation of Megillah. Pastry known as hamentashen (Yiddish for 'Haman's pockets'; known in Hebrew as אזני המן, ozney Haman, 'Haman's ears') is traditionally eaten on this day.

Since the 1890s, several academics have "agreed in seeing [The Book of] Esther as a historicized myth or ritual" and generally concluded that Purim has its origin in a Babylonian or Persian myth or festival (though which one is a subject of discussion).[46][47]

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Dante's Divine Comedy

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Haman at the moment of his execution appears at the beginning of Canto 17 of Purgatorio in Dante's Divina Commedia. The image occurs in the form of a spontaneous vision given to the character of Dante-as-pilgrim, the purpose of which is to envision Haman's accusers, Ahaseurus, Esther and Mordecai, as emblems of righteous anger. In this divinely inspired hallucination, the fictional Dante sees Haman as "un crucifisso", a man who undergoes crucifixion.[48]

Novels

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Margaret Mitchell's novel, Gone With the Wind (1936) references Haman in the scene in which Rhett Butler, in jail, faces the prospect of hanging.

The Agatha Christie novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles references Haman in a scene where Poirot, investigating a murder, says he will "hang him as high as Haman".

In the Lord Peter Wimsey novel The Nine Tailors, Lord Peter, revealing that the victim, Geoffrey Deacon, was inadvertently killed by the ringing of bells, declares that his killers are already hanging "far higher than Haman".

Visual media

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Haman is characterised as evil vizier to a sultan in the "Aliyah-Din" segment of the 1994 made-for-television film Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights.

He is featured as the primary antagonist in the 1999 South Park episode "Jewbilee", in which he is portrayed as attempting to re-enter the mortal world in order to rule once more over the Jews.

The character was depicted in the American feature film One Night with the King (2006), played by James Callis.

American children's television animations in which the biblical story of Haman is told include the "Queen Esther" episode of the series The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible (1985-1992), where he is voiced by Werner Klemperer, and the computer-generated series VeggieTales (2000), in which he is portrayed by "Mr. Lunt" during the episode "Esther, the Girl who Became Queen".

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ also 'Ada
  2. ^ also Bizna'i
  3. ^ also Aphlitus
  4. ^ variants Djosim and Djosef
  5. ^ also Hamdan
  6. ^ also Talyon
  7. ^ also Atnisomos
  8. ^ also son of Harum, son of Harsum
  9. ^ also Genar

Citations

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  1. ^ Hoschander, Jacob (1918). "The Book of Esther in the Light of History". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 9 (1/2): 1–41. doi:10.2307/1451208. hdl:2027/uc1.c100234370. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 1451208.
  2. ^ "Esther 3 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges". Biblehub.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Public Domain Hirsch, Emil; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon (1904). "HAMAN THE AGAGITE". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 189–190. Retrieved 13 February 2017
  4. ^ a b c Encyclopaedia Judaica CD-ROM Edition 1.0 1997, Haman
  5. ^ Kalimi, Isaac (2023). The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-009-26612-3.
  6. ^ Paton 1908.
  7. ^ a b Hoschander 1918.
  8. ^ "Esther 3". www.sefaria.org.
  9. ^ "Esther 7:2". www.sefaria.org.
  10. ^ "Esther 7:9". www.sefaria.org.
  11. ^ "Esther 9:6". www.sefaria.org.
  12. ^ "Esther 9:16". www.sefaria.org.
  13. ^ Yehuda Landy, Purim and the Persian Empire, p. 83
  14. ^ Bava Batra 91a, Ein Yaakov
  15. ^ Qiddushin 70b
  16. ^ "The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon". cal.huc.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  17. ^ Paton, Lewis Bayles (1908). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Esther. Charles Scribner. ISBN 978-0-8370-6297-6.
  18. ^ "Memuchan is Haman: Explaining a Classic Purim Medrash". 24 March 2016.
  19. ^ Megillah 15a
  20. ^ Megillah 16a
  21. ^ Esther Rabbah 7
  22. ^ A. H. Jones, "Hāmān", in J. D. McAuliffe (Ed.), Encyclopaedia Of The Qur'an, 2002, Volume II, op. cit., p. 399
  23. ^ Asad, Muhammad (1980). The Message of the Qur'ān. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. p. 751.
  24. ^ Asad, Muhammad (1980). The Message of the Qur'ān. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. p. 751.
  25. ^ Silverstein, Adam "Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands" Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 20-21.
  26. ^ Reynolds, Gabriel Said "The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and commentary" Yale University Press, 2018, p. 603-604.
  27. ^ Noegel, S.B.; Wheeler, B.M. (2010). "Haman". The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4617-1895-6. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  28. ^ "Search Quran – Search haman in Quran القران الكريم in English translation by Mohsin Khan – all words". SearchTruth.com.
  29. ^ "Quran, Surah 10:92, note: the phrases 'we will save you' (nunajjīka نُنَجِّيكَ) & 'that you may be' (litakūna لِتَكُونَ) are all written (addressed to) in the second person singular, thus grammatically speaking there is one person addressed, namely Pharaoh, as evident in the preceding verses (Surah 10:90–91)". So today We will save you in body that you may be to those who succeed you a sign. And indeed, many among the people, of Our signs, are heedless.
  30. ^ Lacocque, André. "HAMAN IN THE BOOK OF ESTHER". S2CID 28428883. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  31. ^ Esther 16:10
  32. ^ Esther 8:12-14
  33. ^ Esther 3:1, 8:3, 9:10, 9:24
  34. ^ Esther 9:24 (Codex Sinaiticus)
  35. ^ Additions to Esther 12:6
  36. ^ Exodus 17:8-16, Numbers 24:7, Deuteronomy 25:17-19, 1 Samuel 15, 1 Chronicles 4:42-43
  37. ^ Midrash Shoḥer Tov 9:10
  38. ^ a b "Esther 7:9–10, Apostolic Polyglot Bible English". Study Bible. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
  39. ^ "Compare translations Esther 7:9". Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
  40. ^ "Compare translations Esther 7:10". Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
  41. ^ "Sanhedrin 61b". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  42. ^ "Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  43. ^ Matassa, Lidia D.; Silverman, Jason M. (2011). Text, Theology, and Trowel: New Investigations in the Biblical World. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60899-942-2.
  44. ^ Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten. Brill. 1991. ISBN 978-90-04-09271-6.
  45. ^ Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1914). Zoroastrian Theology: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. s.l.
  46. ^ Moore, Carey A. (1971). Esther. Doubleday. See section "The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim." Pages 46-49. "Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr [that is, the lot]", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the "secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b... pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the 1890s, when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated Mordecai and Esther with the Babylonian gods Marduk and Ishtar, and Haman and Vashti with the Elamite gods Humman and Mashti, a Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmem, Hugo Winckler, Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the Gilgamesh Epic, the Babylonian Creation Story, the Tammuz-Ishtar Myth, and the Zagmuk Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars."
  47. ^ Moore, Carey A. "Esther, Book of," ed. David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 637-638 "Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the "secular" way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf. above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story.... But even more recently scholars are again looking to Palestine for the origin of the festival... Its Lack of Historicity: [R]are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value."
  48. ^ Dante Alighieri, Divina Commedia, Purgatorio XVII, line 26
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